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Organisme

Tilbage til biologi eller �kologi

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En organisme er et biologisk levende v�sen. En organisme har normalt et stofskifte i mindst et af sine biologiske udviklingstrin.

Tidligere forskning inddelte organismer i f�lgende ((Webarchive kopi) kilde Whittaker Five Kingdom System (1978) Plant Classification):

• Dom�ne Prokaryot Procaryotae
  • Rige Bakterier Monera Bacteriae.
    • R�kke Archaebacteriobionta (ca.=Archaea).
    • R�kke Eubacteriobionta (ca.=Eubacteria).
• Dom�ne Eukaryot Eukaryota Eucaryotae.
  • Rige Svampe Fungi.
  • Rige Planter Plantae.
  • Rige Dyr Animalia.
  • Rige Protister Protoctista Protista - Organismer som ikke kan indplaceres i ovenst�ende riger.

If�lge nyere forskning bl.a. Tree of Life web project: Eukaryotes (Eukaryota), Tree of Life web project: Life on Earth og Lars Skipper: Dyreriget og de andre riger kan organismer, indtil videre (�r 2003), inddeles i f�lgende gruppehierarki. Prokaryot blev tidligere anvendt som en f�llesbetegnelse om Eubacteria og Archaea. Det bliver de ikke mere da de er for forskellige:

• Dom�ne Bacteria Bacteriae
  • Rige �gte bakterier Eubacteria (Spirulina, (Bl�gr�nalge Cyanobacteria)...)
• Dom�ne Arker Archaea
  • Rige Arkebakterier Archebacteria
• ?-Vira
• Dom�ne Eukaryot Eukaryota Eucarya Eucaryotae, (organismer med celler, der indeholder en cellekerne)
  • Opisthokonts
    • Rige Dyr Metazoa
    • Collar-flagellates, (choanoflagellates) Berkeley University: What are choanoflagellates?
    • Rige Svampe Fungi Mycota
    • ?-Microsporidia
  • Alveolates, (dinoflagellater, ciliater, apicomplexa) Berkeley University: Introduction to the Alveolates
  • Stramenopila Stramenopiles (tidligere Chromista Heterokonta Chromobionta) (kiselalger, brunalger, fingertang, bl�retang...)
  • R�kke R�dalger Rhodophyta Rhodophycota (Nori...) Berkeley University: Introduction to the Rhodophyta. The red "algae"
  • Rige Gr�nne planter Viridaeplantae (gr�nalger (incl. prasinophyter)) og h�jere planter.
  • Rige Protister Protista Protoctista (protozo, slimdyr, am�be...) - resten af Eukaryota.

Se ogs�

• biologi
• mikroorganisme
• Organisme klassifikationsmetoder
  • Systema naturae
  • Scala naturae
• Liv i rummet

Eksterne adresser

• Google: Taxonomy
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Citat: "...Here you will find authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world..."
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2002. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Citat: "...The classification of life is changing rapidly. As new techniques reveal more about the phylogenetic relationships between taxa, the tree changes shape almost every day....", Google s�gning i dom�net: "taxonomy.nl".
• Lars Skipper: Dyreriget og de andre riger Citat: "...Jordens livsformer er i de sidste par tusinde �r blevet inddelt i et antal riger, fra den oprindelige traditionelle inddeling i planter og dyr, til en inddeling, der varierer fra 5-8 efter systematisk opfattelse. Diskussionen er langt fra f�rdig..."
• NCBI Taxonomy entry: root (omfattende)
• NCBI Taxonomy resources (omfattende)
• Harry Foundalis: Index of Species (Mange billeder). Citat: "...All of our pictures are copyrighted by the curator. Any use for commercial purposes without the consent of the copyright-holder is prohibited. Feel free to use our pictures for educational purposes...."
• Species 2000 Indexing the world's known species. Species 2000 has the objective of enumerating all known species of plants, animals, fungi and microbes on Earth as the baseline dataset for studies of global biodiversity. It will also provide a simple access point enabling users to link from here to other data systems for all groups of organisms, using direct species-links.
• The Tree of Life. Its basic goals are:
  • to provide a uniform and linked framework in which to publish electronically information about the evolutionary history and characteristics of all groups of organisms
  • to present a modern scientific view of the evolutionary tree that units all organisms on Earth
  • to aid education about and appreciation of biological diversity
  • to provide (eventually) a life-wide data base and searching system about characteristics of organisms
  • to provide a means to find taxon-specific information on the Internet, both taxonomic and otherwise
• Green Plant Phylogeny, Research Coordination Group, "DEEP GREEN", Understanding the Diversity of Plants. A five-year effort to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among all green plants has resulted in the most complete "tree of life" of any group of living things on the planet, including animals.
• BBC News, August 4, 1999: The mother of all plants. Scientists have discovered that every plant species alive on land today shares a single common ancestor, at least 450 million years old.
• 7 August, 2000, Fantastic fungus find Citat: "...Researchers in the US have found what is probably the largest living organism on Earth....Scientists say it covers 890 hectares (2,200 acres) of land - an area equivalent to about 1,220 football pitches. The fungus is called Armillaria ostoyae, but is more popularly known as the honey mushroom. This particular specimen is calculated to be about 2,400 years old, although it could be two to three times this age...."
• BBCNews: 27 September, 2000, When slime is not so thick Citat: "...It means that some of the lowliest creatures in the plant and animal kingdoms, such as slime and amoeba, may not be as primitive as once thought...."
• BBCNews, 4 December, 2002, Life 'began on the ocean floor'
  • SpaceRef.com, July 29, 1997: Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor
    • The Eberly College of Science: Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor download Publication quality photos
  • Artikel, 2000: Methane Ice Worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola. Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves
  • SpaceRef.com, May 04, 2001: Redefining "Life as We Know it" Hesiocaeca methanicola In 1997, Charles Fisher, professor of biology at Penn State, discovered this remarkable creature living on mounds of methane ice under half a mile of ocean on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico.
• BBCNews, 18 December, 2002, 'Space bugs' grown in lab Citat: "...Bacillus simplex and Staphylococcus pasteuri...Engyodontium album...The strains cultured by Dr Wainwright seemed to be resistant to the effects of UV - one quality required for survival in space...."
• BBCNews, 19 June, 2003, Ancient organism challenges cell evolution Citat: "..."It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, since it is present in both,"...Agrobacterium tumefaciens..."
• Saint Anselm College: Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms Citat: "...Number of kingdomss has not been resolved...Bacteria present a problem with their diversity...Protista present a problem with their diversity...", Interactive Syllabus for General Biology - BI 04, Saint Anselm College, Summer 2003
• ScienceDaily, 2003-09-19, Bacterial Relationships Revealed Citat: "...constructing a bacterial family tree is indeed possible..."
• III. Molecular Phylogenetic Trees as Alternative Hypotheses
• Dr. Timothy C. Hall, TAMU: BOTN 101 - Fall 2003 - Week 2 - Classification - Evolution - Bacteria - Viruses (pdf)

• http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/